After the birth of new China in 1949, the Chinese government formulated and implemented the policy of religious freedom and established a new relationship between politics and religions in accordance with the actual condition of the country. Chinese citizens are free to choose and express their religious belief as well as demonstrate their religious status. All religions are equally and coexist harmoniously with one another and there is so far no such thing as dispute among different religions. Religious believers and non-believers also respect to each other and they live together peacefully.
The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China stipulates: “Citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom of religion. No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens because they do, or do not believe in religion. The state protects normal religious activities.” The Constitution also stipulates: “nobody can make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt social order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state. Religious organizations and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign dominance.”
China’s National Regional Autonomy Law, Civil Law, Education Law, Labor Law, Compulsory Education Law, Electoral Law of People’s Congress, Organic Law of Villagers’ Committee and Advertisement Law also stipulate: “citizens, no matter they are religious believer or not, enjoy the right of election and to be elected; legitimate property of religious organizations is protected by law; education is separate from religion and citizens, religious believers or non-believers, enjoy the equal opportunity of education according to law; people of all nationalities respect the languages, customs and religious belief of one another; citizens are not discriminated in employment because of their different religious beliefs; advertisement and trade mark may not carry content that discriminates against any nationality or religion.”
In January 1994, the Chinese government promulgated the Regulation on the Management of Places for Religious Activities to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of these places; in that February, the Chinese government also promulgated the Regulation on the Management of Foreigners’ Religious Activities in the People’s Republic of China in order to respect the religious freedom of foreigners in China and to protect foreigners’ friendly exchange and cultural and academic communication concerning religion with people from Chinese religious circle.
Chinese laws also stipulate that normal missionary affairs and religious services in places of religious activities or at home of believers in accordance with religious practice, such as paying homage to the Buddha, reciting scripts on religious classics, worship services, prayer, interpreting religious works, preaching, Mass, baptism, being initiated into monkhood or nunhood, practicing abstinence during Ramadan, observing religious festivals, sacrament in critical situations and recollection of late figures, should be completely carried out by religious organizations and believers and are protected by law. No one may interfere with these activities.
Like many other countries in the world, China adopts the principle of separating religion from state education and except in several colleges and research institutes that are responsible for the education and study of religion, religion is not taught in public education. Schools founded by religious organizations are entitled to carry out systematic education on religion according to their actual conditions.
Over the long period of historical development, religious culture in China has become a component of traditional Chinese ideological culture. All religious organizations value the principle of making contribution in the service of society and people. For instance, Buddhism advocates the principle of making the country powerful and people’s life prosperous, Catholicism and Christianity underline the doctrine of glorifying God and benefiting people, Taoism upholds the proposition of rendering utmost love to everyone and serving the society by subliming the temperament of others and Islam embraces the faith of achieving happiness in both this life and aftertime.
Monday, April 14, 2008
Chinese Religious Community's Communication with Foreign Countries
Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity are all introduced to China from foreign countries and all these religions are international ones and therefore very influential in the world. In addition, these religions boast a great many believers in many countries across the world and some of them are regarded as national religions in some countries.
Chinese religious community’s communication with foreign countries has been developing since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and various religious groups in China have been contacting with their foreign counterparts in a comprehensive manner. For instance, Chinese Buddhist circle often conducts non-governmental religious exchanges in various ways with Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Over the past a few years, the relics of Buddhist teeth in China have been welcomed and worshiped by believers in Thailand, Myanmar and Sri Lanka and Thai Buddhist community has established regular Buddhist exchange mechanism with Tibetan religious circle in China.
In addition, the major religious groups in China are often invited to visit countries in Western Europe and Northern America to get more knowledge about local religious situation and enhance local people’s understanding about religions in China.
Chinese religious community’s communication with foreign countries has been developing since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and various religious groups in China have been contacting with their foreign counterparts in a comprehensive manner. For instance, Chinese Buddhist circle often conducts non-governmental religious exchanges in various ways with Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Over the past a few years, the relics of Buddhist teeth in China have been welcomed and worshiped by believers in Thailand, Myanmar and Sri Lanka and Thai Buddhist community has established regular Buddhist exchange mechanism with Tibetan religious circle in China.
In addition, the major religious groups in China are often invited to visit countries in Western Europe and Northern America to get more knowledge about local religious situation and enhance local people’s understanding about religions in China.
Status Quo of Religion in China
China is a multi-religious country and Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Christianity are the major religions here.
Statistics show that at present there are more than one hundred million believers of varied religions, over 85 thousand religious sites, some three hundred thousand religious personnel, over three thousand religious groups and 74 religious colleges in China.
The national religious organizations in China include the Buddhist Association of China, the Taoist Association of China, the Islamic Association of China, the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association, the Chinese Catholic Bishops College, the Chinese National Christian “Three-Self” Patriotic Movement Committee and the Christian Council of China. All religious groups elect their leaders and form the leadership under their own regulations; they are also entitled to deal with its own religious affairs without others’ interference and establish religious schools, distribute copies of classic religious scriptures, issue religious publications and participate in public welfare according to the actual situations.
Statistics show that at present there are more than one hundred million believers of varied religions, over 85 thousand religious sites, some three hundred thousand religious personnel, over three thousand religious groups and 74 religious colleges in China.
The national religious organizations in China include the Buddhist Association of China, the Taoist Association of China, the Islamic Association of China, the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association, the Chinese Catholic Bishops College, the Chinese National Christian “Three-Self” Patriotic Movement Committee and the Christian Council of China. All religious groups elect their leaders and form the leadership under their own regulations; they are also entitled to deal with its own religious affairs without others’ interference and establish religious schools, distribute copies of classic religious scriptures, issue religious publications and participate in public welfare according to the actual situations.
Major Religions in China
Buddhism
Buddhism was introduced to China around the first century A.D. Since the fourth century A.D, it was widely spread and gradually became the most influential religion in China. Buddhism in China is divided into three branches according to varied language families, namely, Chinese Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism and Pali Buddhism and there are about 200 thousand Buddhist monks and nuns under these three branches. At present, there are more than 13 thousand Buddhist temples that are open to the public, 33 Buddhist colleges and nearly 50 types of Buddhist publications in China.
As one branch of Buddhism in China, Tibetan Buddhism is mainly spread in China’s Tibet Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province with some 7 million believers from Tibetan, Mongolian, Yugu, Monba, Luoba and Tu nationalities. Pali Buddhism is popular in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture and Simao region in southwestern China’s Yunnan Province with over one million believers from Dai, Bulang, Achang and Va nationalities. The believers of Chinese Buddhism are mainly Han people, who live all over China.
Taoism
Taoism is a typically traditional religion in China with a history of more than 18 hundred years since the second century A.D. It advocates the worship of natural objects and ancestors as was practiced since time immemorial and had various factions in the history; later, it evolved into two major factions, namely, Quanzhen and Zhengyi Taoism, and was fairly influential among Han people. It is difficult to calculate the exact number of Taoist believers because there are no formal ceremonies or specific regulations concerning the admission to Taoism. At present, there are more than 15 hundred Taoist temples in China with over 25 hundred male and female Taoists there.
Islam
Islam was introduced to China in the seventh century A.D with nearly 18 million believers from Hui, Uygur, Tartar, Kirgiz, Kazakh, Ozbek, Dongxiang, Sala and Baoan nationalities. Most of the Muslims in China live in compact communities in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Gansu, Qinghai and Yunnan Provinces; besides, some Muslims in small groups live in other provinces or cities in China. At present, there are more than 30 thousand mosques in China with over 40 thousand imams or ahungs.
Catholicism
Catholicism was first introduced to China in the seventh century and widely spread across the country after the Opium War in 1840. At present, Chinese Catholic Church boasts one hundred parishes, some five million believers, nearly five thousand cathedrals and places for religious activities and twelve theological seminaries. Over the past two decades, the Catholic Church in China have cultivated more than 15 hundred young bishops who are able to hold consecration and among them over one hundred have been sent abroad for further study. In addition, three thousands young girls have been crowned the nunhood after their admission and two hundred nuns have decided to dedicate all their lives to the church. Every year, more than 50 thousand clerics from the Chinese Catholic Church preside over baptism and the church prints over three million copies of Bible.
Christianity
Christianity was introduced to China in early 19th century and widely spread after 1840s. In 1950, the church called on its believers to shake off the vestige of foreign imperialist influence and uphold patriotism in order to achieve self-administration, self-supporting and self-propagation, which are the cardinal principle of Chinese Christianity. At present, there are about ten million Christian believers, 18 thousand priests and 12 churches or religious sites in China.
Buddhism was introduced to China around the first century A.D. Since the fourth century A.D, it was widely spread and gradually became the most influential religion in China. Buddhism in China is divided into three branches according to varied language families, namely, Chinese Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism and Pali Buddhism and there are about 200 thousand Buddhist monks and nuns under these three branches. At present, there are more than 13 thousand Buddhist temples that are open to the public, 33 Buddhist colleges and nearly 50 types of Buddhist publications in China.
As one branch of Buddhism in China, Tibetan Buddhism is mainly spread in China’s Tibet Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province with some 7 million believers from Tibetan, Mongolian, Yugu, Monba, Luoba and Tu nationalities. Pali Buddhism is popular in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture and Simao region in southwestern China’s Yunnan Province with over one million believers from Dai, Bulang, Achang and Va nationalities. The believers of Chinese Buddhism are mainly Han people, who live all over China.
Taoism
Taoism is a typically traditional religion in China with a history of more than 18 hundred years since the second century A.D. It advocates the worship of natural objects and ancestors as was practiced since time immemorial and had various factions in the history; later, it evolved into two major factions, namely, Quanzhen and Zhengyi Taoism, and was fairly influential among Han people. It is difficult to calculate the exact number of Taoist believers because there are no formal ceremonies or specific regulations concerning the admission to Taoism. At present, there are more than 15 hundred Taoist temples in China with over 25 hundred male and female Taoists there.
Islam
Islam was introduced to China in the seventh century A.D with nearly 18 million believers from Hui, Uygur, Tartar, Kirgiz, Kazakh, Ozbek, Dongxiang, Sala and Baoan nationalities. Most of the Muslims in China live in compact communities in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Gansu, Qinghai and Yunnan Provinces; besides, some Muslims in small groups live in other provinces or cities in China. At present, there are more than 30 thousand mosques in China with over 40 thousand imams or ahungs.
Catholicism
Catholicism was first introduced to China in the seventh century and widely spread across the country after the Opium War in 1840. At present, Chinese Catholic Church boasts one hundred parishes, some five million believers, nearly five thousand cathedrals and places for religious activities and twelve theological seminaries. Over the past two decades, the Catholic Church in China have cultivated more than 15 hundred young bishops who are able to hold consecration and among them over one hundred have been sent abroad for further study. In addition, three thousands young girls have been crowned the nunhood after their admission and two hundred nuns have decided to dedicate all their lives to the church. Every year, more than 50 thousand clerics from the Chinese Catholic Church preside over baptism and the church prints over three million copies of Bible.
Christianity
Christianity was introduced to China in early 19th century and widely spread after 1840s. In 1950, the church called on its believers to shake off the vestige of foreign imperialist influence and uphold patriotism in order to achieve self-administration, self-supporting and self-propagation, which are the cardinal principle of Chinese Christianity. At present, there are about ten million Christian believers, 18 thousand priests and 12 churches or religious sites in China.
Major Festivals of Ethnic Minorities in China
Minority people in China boast various festivals and almost every nationality has its own major festivals. Typical examples are New Year Festival according to Tibetan Calendar for Tibetan people, Water-Splashing Festival for Dai people, Torch Festival for Yi People, Temple and Trade Fair in March for Bai people, Singing Carnival for Zhuang people and Nadam Fair for Mongolian people. In addition, some local governments have set traditional festivals for minority people as legal festivals, such as New Year Festival according to Tibetan Calendar and Corban Festival.
Corban Festival
Corban is a traditional annual festival for Islamic people, which is called Eid-al-Adjha in Arabic. Eid means festival and Adjha sacrifice, therefore this day is also called Corban. It is on Dec. 10th according to Islamic calendar and is the common festival celebrated by Chinese minority nationalities that believe in Islam, including Hui, Uygur, Kazakh, Ozbek, Tajik, Tartar, Kirgiz, Sala, Dongxiang and Baoan. Before Corban, all Islamic families would clean up their houses and be busy making various cakes for the festival. In the morning of Corban, Islamic people would tidy their clothes after taking a bath and listen to imams’ interpretation of Koran in the mosques. Meanwhile, all families would butcher sheep, camels or oxen and distribute them to relatives, friends and guests. Corban also provides an optimum opportunity for conversation during which many Islamic people get together and share mutton, cakes, melons and fruits with others. In addition, Uygur people in Xinjiang would hold large singing and dancing performance during Corban and Kazakh, Kirgiz, Tajik and Ozbek people would hold various games to celebrate the festival, including sheep-hunting, horse racing and wrestling.
The Festival of Fast Breaking
Fast breaking is called Eid-al-Fitr in Arabic. It is in the beginning of October according to Islamic calendar and serves as the common festival celebrated by some Chinese minority nationalities, including Hui, Uygur, Kazakh, Ozbek, Tajik, Tartar, Kirgiz, Sala, Dongxiang and Baoan. Every September according to Islamic calendar is called Ramadan, which lasts for 29 or 30 days. During this period, Muslim people must finish their pre-fasting meal before sunrise and they are not allowed to eat or drink anything in the daytime no matter how hungry or thirsty they are. Meanwhile, smoking is also prohibited during Ramadan. In addition, all Muslim people are supposed to curb all their personal desires, including that of sexual intercourse, and practice abstinence during this time in order to show their allegiance to Allah. Children, elderly people and women who are undergoing menstruate are allowed not to practice fasting but they should limit their diet and must not eat or drink in public. Patients and those who are on their journey are also permitted not to conduct fasting, but they have to make up for it later; otherwise, they must hand in some property as punishment. In the evening when the bells in the mosques ring, people could suspend their fasting and begin to have their meal. During this period, even a hungry stranger passing by would be warmly welcomed in local households.
Grant and glamorous are the activities marking the festival of fast breaking and it is a common practice for Islamic people to whitewash their houses, clean up their yard, and have haircut and bath before the festival. Fast breaking is also the day favored by many young lovers to have their weddings.
New Year Festival According to Tibetan Calendar
New Year festival according to Tibetan calendar is the most important and glamorous festival for Tibetan people. It usually lasts for 15 days from the first day of a new year according to Tibetan calendar. In the morning of the festival, young people will dress up and greet one another to express their best wishes for a happy and prosperous new year. They will also go to the temples nearby to pay homage to the Buddha, or go to the streets in large groups for singing and dancing spree; however, they don’t pay a visit to the home of their relatives and friends during this time.
Nadam Fair
Nadam fair is a traditional annual festival for Mongolian people living in Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. It is held during the golden period of autumn between July and August when the grass on the meadows is ripe and the livestock in their best physical condition. Nadam means entertainment or game in Mongolian and it enjoys a long history. In the past, large-scale sacrificial rites were held during this festival and lamas would light incense and candles, recite classic Buddhist works and pray for Buddha’s blessing and a happy and prosperous life. At present, the major traditional events of Nadam fair include wrestling, horse racing and archery and in some places, athletic events such as track and field matches, tug-of-war, volleyball and basketball games are also held during this festival.
Corban Festival
Corban is a traditional annual festival for Islamic people, which is called Eid-al-Adjha in Arabic. Eid means festival and Adjha sacrifice, therefore this day is also called Corban. It is on Dec. 10th according to Islamic calendar and is the common festival celebrated by Chinese minority nationalities that believe in Islam, including Hui, Uygur, Kazakh, Ozbek, Tajik, Tartar, Kirgiz, Sala, Dongxiang and Baoan. Before Corban, all Islamic families would clean up their houses and be busy making various cakes for the festival. In the morning of Corban, Islamic people would tidy their clothes after taking a bath and listen to imams’ interpretation of Koran in the mosques. Meanwhile, all families would butcher sheep, camels or oxen and distribute them to relatives, friends and guests. Corban also provides an optimum opportunity for conversation during which many Islamic people get together and share mutton, cakes, melons and fruits with others. In addition, Uygur people in Xinjiang would hold large singing and dancing performance during Corban and Kazakh, Kirgiz, Tajik and Ozbek people would hold various games to celebrate the festival, including sheep-hunting, horse racing and wrestling.
The Festival of Fast Breaking
Fast breaking is called Eid-al-Fitr in Arabic. It is in the beginning of October according to Islamic calendar and serves as the common festival celebrated by some Chinese minority nationalities, including Hui, Uygur, Kazakh, Ozbek, Tajik, Tartar, Kirgiz, Sala, Dongxiang and Baoan. Every September according to Islamic calendar is called Ramadan, which lasts for 29 or 30 days. During this period, Muslim people must finish their pre-fasting meal before sunrise and they are not allowed to eat or drink anything in the daytime no matter how hungry or thirsty they are. Meanwhile, smoking is also prohibited during Ramadan. In addition, all Muslim people are supposed to curb all their personal desires, including that of sexual intercourse, and practice abstinence during this time in order to show their allegiance to Allah. Children, elderly people and women who are undergoing menstruate are allowed not to practice fasting but they should limit their diet and must not eat or drink in public. Patients and those who are on their journey are also permitted not to conduct fasting, but they have to make up for it later; otherwise, they must hand in some property as punishment. In the evening when the bells in the mosques ring, people could suspend their fasting and begin to have their meal. During this period, even a hungry stranger passing by would be warmly welcomed in local households.
Grant and glamorous are the activities marking the festival of fast breaking and it is a common practice for Islamic people to whitewash their houses, clean up their yard, and have haircut and bath before the festival. Fast breaking is also the day favored by many young lovers to have their weddings.
New Year Festival According to Tibetan Calendar
New Year festival according to Tibetan calendar is the most important and glamorous festival for Tibetan people. It usually lasts for 15 days from the first day of a new year according to Tibetan calendar. In the morning of the festival, young people will dress up and greet one another to express their best wishes for a happy and prosperous new year. They will also go to the temples nearby to pay homage to the Buddha, or go to the streets in large groups for singing and dancing spree; however, they don’t pay a visit to the home of their relatives and friends during this time.
Nadam Fair
Nadam fair is a traditional annual festival for Mongolian people living in Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. It is held during the golden period of autumn between July and August when the grass on the meadows is ripe and the livestock in their best physical condition. Nadam means entertainment or game in Mongolian and it enjoys a long history. In the past, large-scale sacrificial rites were held during this festival and lamas would light incense and candles, recite classic Buddhist works and pray for Buddha’s blessing and a happy and prosperous life. At present, the major traditional events of Nadam fair include wrestling, horse racing and archery and in some places, athletic events such as track and field matches, tug-of-war, volleyball and basketball games are also held during this festival.
Economy of Ethnic Minorities in China
China’s economy has witnessed a rapid development, so has that in regions where ethnic minorities live.
Stockbreeding serves as one of the major industries in minorities’ economy and since the endorsement of individual responsibility system for meadows and livestock in 1980s, livestock are sold to individuals and right to the use of meadow endowed to households; meanwhile, measures have been strengthened to boost the development of meadow and improve its protection and management. At present, rapid development has been achieved in China’s major pasture regions, including Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. Statistics shows that at present the total number of livestock in China’s pasture regions and semi-pasture and semi-farming regions has reached over 100 million each year. The rate of mature livestock has raised and the survival rate and the commercialization rate of livestock have also witnessed a significant increase. In addition, there are family-run ranches in some of China’s pasture regions and their production capacity and business performance have been greatly enhanced due to large-scale business management and adoption of advanced techniques in their production.
Being the absorber of a great deal of economic resources and major place for non-agricultural social and economic activities, cities play a pivotal role in the economic development in the regions where ethnic minorities live. Like their counterparts in other parts of China, cities of minorities have witnessed rapid economic development since 1980s. Statistics shows that the total number of industrial enterprises in regions where national autonomy is practiced has reached more than one million and the business layout featuring coexistence of varied economies, including large modern enterprises, private industry, commerce and service industry, has been shaped. In addition, urbanization in regions such as Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang has exceeded the average level in China, which plays a leading role in the general economic development in regions where ethnic minorities live.
Non-public economy has become an important factor that no one could ignore in the urban economic growth in regions where ethnic minorities live. For instance, by the end of 20th century, non-public economy has accounted for over 40 percent of the GNP in Qinghai Province.
In addition, in the course of opening up to the outside world, many cities in regions where ethnic nationalities live have gradually expanded and deepened their international communication and cooperation, including that of economy and technology. At present, these regions boast some large corporation groups that are renowned both home and abroad, such as Erdos Cashmere Group Corporation Limited in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Tianye Corporation Limited in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
Stockbreeding serves as one of the major industries in minorities’ economy and since the endorsement of individual responsibility system for meadows and livestock in 1980s, livestock are sold to individuals and right to the use of meadow endowed to households; meanwhile, measures have been strengthened to boost the development of meadow and improve its protection and management. At present, rapid development has been achieved in China’s major pasture regions, including Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. Statistics shows that at present the total number of livestock in China’s pasture regions and semi-pasture and semi-farming regions has reached over 100 million each year. The rate of mature livestock has raised and the survival rate and the commercialization rate of livestock have also witnessed a significant increase. In addition, there are family-run ranches in some of China’s pasture regions and their production capacity and business performance have been greatly enhanced due to large-scale business management and adoption of advanced techniques in their production.
Being the absorber of a great deal of economic resources and major place for non-agricultural social and economic activities, cities play a pivotal role in the economic development in the regions where ethnic minorities live. Like their counterparts in other parts of China, cities of minorities have witnessed rapid economic development since 1980s. Statistics shows that the total number of industrial enterprises in regions where national autonomy is practiced has reached more than one million and the business layout featuring coexistence of varied economies, including large modern enterprises, private industry, commerce and service industry, has been shaped. In addition, urbanization in regions such as Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang has exceeded the average level in China, which plays a leading role in the general economic development in regions where ethnic minorities live.
Non-public economy has become an important factor that no one could ignore in the urban economic growth in regions where ethnic minorities live. For instance, by the end of 20th century, non-public economy has accounted for over 40 percent of the GNP in Qinghai Province.
In addition, in the course of opening up to the outside world, many cities in regions where ethnic nationalities live have gradually expanded and deepened their international communication and cooperation, including that of economy and technology. At present, these regions boast some large corporation groups that are renowned both home and abroad, such as Erdos Cashmere Group Corporation Limited in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Tianye Corporation Limited in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.
Education of Ethnic Minorities in China
Education serves as the cornerstone of science and technology advancement and Chinese government has adopted a series of preferential policies and treatments to develop education of ethnic minorities as follows: it highlights and helps the ethnic groups to develop their own education and establishes special institutions for democratic education management; Meanwhile, it entitles and respects ethnic minorities and places where national autonomy are practiced to develop education in their own way, attaches great importance to the education of minorities’ corresponding languages and bilingual education and redoubles its efforts to develop textbooks written in their languages; besides, it strengthens measures to develop minorities’ own teaching staffs and provides special financial treatment to ethnic minorities and places where they live; furthermore, it establishes various types of school in accordance with the actual situation of ethnic minorities and their residential areas and it adopts special enrollment policy in designated regions where ethnic groups live in compact community in order to cultivate more people with corresponding expertise for these regions; last but not least, it provides favorable treatment in enrollment and campus life for ethnic students and encourages developed regions in other part of China to establish regular tie of assistance with corresponding areas where ethnic minorities live.
Chinese government has taken a series of effective measures to boost the education of school in regions where ethnic minorities live and made use of all means to establish various types of primary school, secondary school and university. Meanwhile, it takes into full consideration the actual situation of ethnic groups and encourages those minorities who have their own written languages to conduct education in their mother tongues in primary and secondary schools. In addition, the number of minority students in schools of various levels or types in China has greatly increased and China’s northwestern, northeastern and southwestern region where ethnic minorities live in compact community all boast universities or colleges for minorities with thousands of students from various ethnic groups.
Statistics shows that China’s 55 ethnic minorities all boast their own college student and some ethnic groups even have postgraduates with master degree or doctorate.
Chinese government has taken a series of effective measures to boost the education of school in regions where ethnic minorities live and made use of all means to establish various types of primary school, secondary school and university. Meanwhile, it takes into full consideration the actual situation of ethnic groups and encourages those minorities who have their own written languages to conduct education in their mother tongues in primary and secondary schools. In addition, the number of minority students in schools of various levels or types in China has greatly increased and China’s northwestern, northeastern and southwestern region where ethnic minorities live in compact community all boast universities or colleges for minorities with thousands of students from various ethnic groups.
Statistics shows that China’s 55 ethnic minorities all boast their own college student and some ethnic groups even have postgraduates with master degree or doctorate.
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